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<title>Techdirt. Stories filed under &quot;obscenity&quot;</title>
<description>Easily digestible tech news...</description>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/</link>
<language>en-us</language>
<image><title>Techdirt. Stories filed under &quot;obscenity&quot;</title><url>http://www.techdirt.com/images/td-88x31.gif</url><link>http://www.techdirt.com/</link></image>
<item>
<pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2013 10:59:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Court Finds Fantasy Stories Obscene</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130505/14372422951/court-finds-fantasy-stories-obscene.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130505/14372422951/court-finds-fantasy-stories-obscene.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Obscenity law and the First Amendment tend to run into each other from time to time and the whole <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_know_it_when_I_see_it" target="_blank">"I know it when I see it"</a> concept makes things a bit arbitrary in the best of situations.  Still, it's pretty standard for people to assume questions of obscenity revolve around imagery -- still or video -- rather than written works.  Text and stories often explore taboo subjects, but still are seen to have legitimate literary value.  Stories like Vladimir Nabokov's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita" target="_blank"><i>Lolita</i></a> involve somewhat horrifying concepts, but generally are still considered legitimate works of literature.  In an age of easy creation for user-generated content, fan fiction and the like, it is not uncommon for things like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_fiction" target="_blank">slash fiction</a> or related fan fiction to involve incredibly graphic scenes.  Whether or not you see the appeal (and, personally, I don't get it at all), it's difficult to step aside and say that a particular form of storytelling should be judged as obscene and illegal.  When it's purely fiction, and no one is being harmed or forced to participate and/or experience the work against their will, it is difficult to see what sort of harm has been caused.  That is, perhaps, why it is <a href="http://www.volokh.com/posts/1159408093.shtml" target="_blank">"very rare"</a> for there to be obscenity prosecutions for purely text-based works of fiction.  Rare, but not unknown.
<br /><br />
Just recently a federal district court in Georgia <a href="http://ga.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20130329_0000349.MGA.htm/qx" target="_blank">ruled that a series of stories written or edited by Frank McCoy</a> were obscene, and thus he violated <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1462" target="_blank">18 USC 1462</a> in "transporting" obscene works.  McCoy challenged whether or not the stories themselves could be considered obscene.  As you might imagine, the subject matter is not mainstream.  It is definitely on the extreme.  Just reading the descriptions from the court case, which I will not repeat here, made me cringe and feel extremely uncomfortable.  We're talking about extremely taboo subjects that are somewhat horrifying even just to read.
<br /><br />
But, again, one could argue the same sorts of things about Lolita, or any number of other works.  Should they, too, be deemed obscene?  It seems like a dangerous slippery slope, especially when we're talking about purely written material.  In this case, McCoy even had a distinguished English professor testify on his behalf that the works had "serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value."
<blockquote><i>
In his defense, Defendant relies upon the testimony of an expert witness, Professor Gary Richardson, in order to show the Court that his work has serious literary, political, and artistic value.*fn8 (Docs. 165-4 at 67-90, 165-5.) Professor Richardson is a Professor and Chairman of the Department of English at Mercer University. Professor Richardson previously received a Fulbright Scholarship and is a decorated academic in the field of English and literature. Professor Richardson concluded, in his expert opinion, that Defendant's body of work had literary, political, and artistic value. (Doc. 165-5 at 34-36.) Professor Richardson describes Defendant's stories as love stories, "basic romance plots," and "science fiction." (Doc. 165-4 at 80-81.) While Professor Richardson acknowledges that the predominant themes in Defendant's work involve "social mores" and "may be considered taboo," he testified that these are incidental to Defendant's greater efforts to "undertake an artistic rendering." (Id. at 84.) These themes, including graphic and explicit incestuous sexual abuse, rape, torture, and murder of prepubescent children and young girls, are according to Professor Richardson, a form of "reader entrapment" which reflects his intent to generate political interest. (Id. at 85.)
<br /><br />
During his testimony, Professor Richardson also described Defendant's use of complex literary techniques within his body of work that develop the characters and further the plot line;*fn9 including, interpolated tale (the use of competing narratives) and complex resonances. (Id. at 87.) Professor Richardson, as an expert in literature, urges the Court to consider a deeper level and "close reading" of Defendant's work and examine the pornographic "visual gaze" and "central consciousness" are complex "variations on narrative point of view." (Id. at 88.) According to Professor Richardson, Defendant's work "reflects serious thought and serious artistry." (Doc. 165-5 at 4.) Among his reasons in support of his conclusion that Defendant's body of work contains literary value are, for example, Defendant's use of inversion of a biological reality in the story entitled "Rapesuzy." There, Professor Richardson points toward Defendant's use of science fiction-including the use of nanobots-as he explores the complex and timeless themes of the nature of love, the difference and relationship between love and sexuality, and how society is disposed to interact sexually with the rest of the world. (Id. at 6-7.) For these reasons, Professor Richardson concluded that "under a narrow definition" Defendant's work does have serious literary value and further that "from the standards of people who study literature, [Defendant's] stories would manifest serious literary value."*fn10 (Id. at 19, 22.)
</i></blockquote>
But the judge disagreed, saying that "the Court can find no independent value within the work when considered as a whole" and thus judged the work obscene, finding McCoy guilty.  In a <a href="http://ga.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20130329_0000339.MGA.htm/qx" target="_blank">separate ruling</a> on the same day, the judge also rejected McCoy's attempt to have the case thrown out by arguing that the burden was on the government to prove that the works had no "serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value."  In other words, there was a question of whether or not the First Amendment requires the assumption that the work has other value, and then it's the government's job to prove otherwise.  But the court rejects that and says that the burden is on McCoy to prove that the work has such value -- though, as noted in the other decision, it then rejected the opinion of an expert who testified to that effect.  Here, the judge said that the work deserves no assumption of protection:
<blockquote><i>
Stated in other words, Defendant's short stories are not entitled to a heightened evidentiary standard, as a matter of federal constitutional law, because he believes them to be intrinsically literary, capable of joining the ranks of great classical erotic literature such as Ulysses, Tropic of Cancer,and Lolita.*fn5 See Bench Opinion at 9-12 (Discussion of why the Court concludes that Defendant's short stories, when taken as a whole, lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value). Accordingly, though the Eleventh Circuit was not convinced that the musical composition Nasty could speak for itself, this Court has far less trouble declaring that Defendant's sexually explicit narratives, with their only tangentially related plots, can speak for themselves.
</i></blockquote>
The subject matter of McCoy's stories is certainly extremely far from the mainstream, and (as noted) could make many people (including myself) somewhat squeamish.  But, it still seems troubling that a court is determining that a written work is flat out illegal, when its creation harmed no one, and the work itself has not been forced upon anyone who did not want it.  In fact, within the court's ruling, it notes that McCoy put warnings on the work such that those who might be similarly troubled by the contents would know not to read it:
<blockquote><i>
This story contains very graphic violence against a very young child. If such things bother you (and they do me) I advise against reading this. The story is based upon a line that ran through my head one night, and I couldn't get it out [...basic description of the very taboo subjects included in the story... ] FINAL WARNING !!!! If you think the previous description is based; the actual story is much worse! I strongly advise you to skip this one. 
</i></blockquote>
The court, however, uses this "warning" as extra evidence that McCoy knew the work was obscene, and thus uses it against him.  That seems kind of silly.  After all, wouldn't the concern over obscenity be the impact the work might have on an unsuspecting or unexpecting reader?  Yet here, such a reader would be clearly warned off.
<br /><br />
I find this troubling on a variety of First Amendment grounds, especially as the standards used in the case could apply to all sorts of works both professionally published (books exploring the taboo are not exactly uncommon) and to a ton of things written by unsuspecting individuals on the internet.  While you and I might not find such works to have value, it still seems quite worrying when a court can decide what kind of stories are legal or illegal.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130505/14372422951/court-finds-fantasy-stories-obscene.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130505/14372422951/court-finds-fantasy-stories-obscene.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130505/14372422951/court-finds-fantasy-stories-obscene.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>obscenity-vs.-free-speech</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20130505/14372422951</wfw:commentRss>
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<item>
<pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2012 11:24:00 PST</pubDate>
<title>Judge Rules Woman Is Allowed To Flip Off Neighbors With Xmas Lights For Now</title>
<dc:creator>Timothy Geigner</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121228/06172221506/judge-rules-woman-is-allowed-to-flip-off-neighbors-with-xmas-lights-now.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121228/06172221506/judge-rules-woman-is-allowed-to-flip-off-neighbors-with-xmas-lights-now.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ As I&#39;m pretty sure I&#39;ve mentioned before, I am exceptionally comfortable with profanity, and believe it&#39;s a form of free speech that should be protected. The right to say words does not end because of the interpretation of those words by someone else. That&#39;s why I cheered on Tim Cushing&#39;s piece on an SVSU student who used a <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121211/15422621351/university-utilizing-faulty-irony-detector-censors-flyer-protesting-its-censorship-policy.shtml">vulgar poster</a> to give his school just enough rope to hang itself from the irony rafters. There are certain situations that require use of vulgar words or gestures as a release, or even as the proper descriptive expression. For instance, let&#39;s say your neighbors are acting like enormous anuses while you&#39;re setting up your Christmas lights; what&#39;s the proper way to tell them what you think of them?<br />
<br />
Well, if you answered "craft my Christmas lights into a giant middle finger pointed at my neighbors house", then give yourself a pat on the back because a court recently ruled that <a href="http://www.mediaite.com/online/judge-rules-louisiana-woman-can-design-christmas-lights-to-flip-off-neighbors/">doing so didn&#39;t violate any laws and is protected free speech</a>.
<blockquote>
<i>A district court judge rule this week that a Louisiana woman could hang her Christmas lights in the shape of a middle finger, as a nasty holiday &ldquo;greeting&rdquo; to her neighbors. Police initially threatened to arrest Sarah Childs for her illuminated display, but with the help of the ACLU, Child won her suit against the city.</i></blockquote>
<center>
<a href="http://imgur.com/x2EMA"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/x2EMA.png" /></a></center>
<p>
That Mediaite summary is slightly exaggerated, because she didn&#39;t quite "win" the lawsuit yet. The judge just granted a temporary restraining order prohibiting police from stopping the display, with a full hearing to take place in the New Year. However, the judge does say it&#39;s likely that she&#39;s going to win:
<blockquote>
<i>The Court finds that Defendants&#39; continued efforts to prevent Plaintiff from displaying her holiday lights will result in an infringement of Plaintiff&#39;s rights of free speech and due process, and that the Plaintiff has demonstrated a likelihood of succeeding in her argument that this infringement is impermissable under the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution. </i></blockquote>
Yes, this woman, who is my new personal hero, actually took this case to court because she <i>really</i> wanted to flip off her neighbors in the most festive manner possible. The story goes mostly as you&#39;d expect. Childs put the lights up, was threatened with arrest, took them down...and then decided that arrest was worth it so she put up the giant glowing "bird" once more. The police showed up again, this time threatening to arrest Childs for violating the Denham Springs obscentity statute, which is a pretty ballsy threat considering the city doesn&#39;t even have an obscentity statute. That&#39;s where this gets really fun.
<blockquote>
<i>After she contacted the local ACLU for help with a lawsuit, the city officers issued her two unrelated tickets that attorneys call a &ldquo;collateral attack&rdquo;: one for obstructing the flow of traffic as she was walking down the street and another for disturbing the peace while singing a song about her fight with neighbors in her driveway.</i></blockquote>
An entire song about her fight with her neighbors, and she decided to sing it to them? My lord, if I were single I&#39;d hunt this wonderful woman down so that we could spend a lovely weekend together cursing at nuns or something. In any case, the court ruled in her favor on free speech and due process violations, pending a full hearing in January, well after the holiday season.
</p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121228/06172221506/judge-rules-woman-is-allowed-to-flip-off-neighbors-with-xmas-lights-now.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121228/06172221506/judge-rules-woman-is-allowed-to-flip-off-neighbors-with-xmas-lights-now.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121228/06172221506/judge-rules-woman-is-allowed-to-flip-off-neighbors-with-xmas-lights-now.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>and-a-happy-screw-you</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20121228/06172221506</wfw:commentRss>
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<item>
<pubDate>Thu, 5 Apr 2012 05:34:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Geotargeting And The Slippery Slope To Fragmenting The Internet With Localized Censorship</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/01132118041/geotargeting-slippery-slope-to-fragmenting-internet-with-localized-censorship.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/01132118041/geotargeting-slippery-slope-to-fragmenting-internet-with-localized-censorship.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ For years we've talked about the challenges a global internet creates for legal questions that are based on more limited jurisdictions.  As different countries start to deal with this, there has been some fragmenting of a global internet in the form of country-wide censorship, such as those seen in the Great Firewall of China.  However, what's to stop it from fragmenting further and further?  <a href="http://blog.ericgoldman.org/" target="_blank">Eric Goldman</a> points me to a recent academic paper arguing that US courts could <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1808307" target="_blank">start enforcing local obscenity laws on the internet by use of geotargeting</a>.  As you probably know, disseminating obscenity is illegal in the US, but the "know it when I see it" rule for determining what is "obscene" has generally focused on "community standards."  For the most part, that's meant "local" community standards.  That works (somewhat) when you're talking about physical distribution and you can try to determine the local community.  But on a global internet?  As the paper notes, the Supreme Court has mostly punted on this issue.  However, the paper suggests that a solution could be to use geotargeting to <i>re-establish</i> local boundaries, jurisdictions and community standards on a global internet:
<blockquote><i>
The line between obscenity and eroticism is hard to pinpoint, and varies from community to community. In general, the process of analyzing whether a work is obscene includes asking whether the content violates the community standards of the local geographic area where the material was published. Thus, for most media, publishers of potentially obscene content must choose the communities into which they publish, or face criminal charges from the least tolerant communities. But for online media, the Supreme Court remains undecided whether the obscenity analysis should use the local community standard. The Court&#8217;s doubts stem from the Internet&#8217;s global reach and lack of control over who receives free online content. For example, if a work is nationally-available online, and is judged using the same legal standard as in other traditional media, any local community offended by the content has the power of a heckler&#8217;s veto to make the publisher liable for distributing obscenity.
<br /><br />
This Article explains why the use of a new online technology resolves the question of whether local community standards should be used to judge online content. Called geotargeting, the technology creates borders on the previously borderless Internet, which allows publishers to specifically target geographically localized communities, thereby excluding areas where the material might lead to criminal charges. This new power to publish potentially obscene materials only to selected communities drastically reduces the constitutional concerns of applying traditional obscenity law to online content.
</i></blockquote>
There are a number of problems I can see with this approach -- some of which are addressed in the paper.  However, what troubles me more is the larger issue.  There's nothing that says this kind of approach needs to be limited to obscenity.  Focusing on something like this opens up a fragmented internet ruled by local jurisdictions, where suddenly all sorts of geotargeting requirements start popping up to create a patchwork censorship regime down to very localized regions.
<br /><br />
Many of us consider the global nature of the internet <i>a feature</i> rather than a problem.  It allows people stuck in regressive communities to access the outside world and find out that their "community norms" may not be what's considered normal elsewhere.   An approach that looks to open up censorship on local standards by use of geotargeting, while unlikely to be effective for those who really do wish to get around it, would almost certainly cause problems for those who have legitimate reasons to reach out beyond their local community.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/01132118041/geotargeting-slippery-slope-to-fragmenting-internet-with-localized-censorship.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/01132118041/geotargeting-slippery-slope-to-fragmenting-internet-with-localized-censorship.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/01132118041/geotargeting-slippery-slope-to-fragmenting-internet-with-localized-censorship.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>the-internet-is-global</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20120309/01132118041</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2012 04:25:52 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Authors Can Sleep Easy Now; Paypal Reverses Its Censorship Decision</title>
<dc:creator>Zachary Knight</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120313/21091718095/authors-can-sleep-easy-now-paypal-reverses-its-censorship-decision.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120313/21091718095/authors-can-sleep-easy-now-paypal-reverses-its-censorship-decision.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Just last week, we learned PayPal had <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120301/17363217939/paypal-pressured-to-play-morality-cop-forces-smashwords-to-censor-authors.shtml">implemented policies</a> that would limit the types of erotic fiction ebook publishers could sell. This sparked quite the discussion and outrage among those not just interested in protecting erotica, but also interested in preserving the freedom of authors to publish what they want. Among this commotion was a <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120309/14044418056/tell-paypal-to-stop-playing-morality-cop-with-booksellers.shtml">number of movements</a> to put pressure back on PayPal to stop them from implementing these policies. We now know that these efforts have paid off. Mark Coker of Smashwords announced that PayPal has changed its position and will continue to <a href="http://blog.smashwords.com/2012/03/paypal-revises-policies-to-allow-legal.html" target="_blank">allow the sale of legal fiction through online ebook publishers</a>.
<blockquote>
<i>In a victory for free speech, PayPal today announced plans to revise their content policies to allow Smashwords writers full freedom to publish and sell legal ebooks. <br /><br /> This is a victory for all writers and readers. It removes credit card companies, banks and payment processors from the business of censoring legal fiction. It creates a new precedent that should allow other payment processors who have previously discriminated against legal fiction to relax their policies. <br /><br /> It will make more fiction more available to more readers. It gives writers greater freedom to express themselves. It gives readers more freedom to decide what they want to experience in the privacy of their own imagination. </i>
</blockquote>
In addition to Smashwords' comments, PayPal went to its blog to publicly explain <a href="https://www.thepaypalblog.com/2012/03/update-paypal%E2%80%99s-acceptable-use-policy/" target="_blank">what this new policy means for ebook authors and readers</a>.
<blockquote>
<i>First and foremost, we are going to focus this policy only on e-books that contain potentially illegal images, not e-books that are limited to just text. The policy will prohibit use of PayPal for the sale of e-books that contain child pornography, or e-books with text and obscene images of rape, bestiality or incest (as defined by the U.S. legal standard for obscenity: material that appeals to the prurient interest, depicts sexual conduct in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value). </i>
</blockquote>
Under the new policy, only books with graphic images that fall under the US based Miller test will be affected. Going forward, PayPal will also be taking a more targeted approach to enforcement. Instead of focusing on entire classes of fiction, it will work on a book by book basis. This specific change should allow for a better process in which the affected authors can appeal the decision to remove their works while getting the individual focus such decisions deserve. 
<br /><br /> 
Just as has been seen with SOPA and ACTA, this decision by PayPal came about because the wider internet community came together to protest PayPal's earlier decision. As Mark describes in his blog post, it was the efforts of several advocacy groups, authors, bloggers, petition signers and the letters and phone calls from everyone that made this happen. This is the power of the digital culture we all share. We have the ability to change policies for the better of the world. I look forward to seeing what else is possible.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120313/21091718095/authors-can-sleep-easy-now-paypal-reverses-its-censorship-decision.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120313/21091718095/authors-can-sleep-easy-now-paypal-reverses-its-censorship-decision.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120313/21091718095/authors-can-sleep-easy-now-paypal-reverses-its-censorship-decision.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>freedom-of-expression-is-not-dead</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20120313/21091718095</wfw:commentRss>
</item>
<item>
<pubDate>Mon, 7 Nov 2011 16:07:00 PST</pubDate>
<title>Once Again Court Says FCC Can't Fine Janet Jackson For Wardrobe Malfunction</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111107/00083916650/once-again-court-says-fcc-cant-fine-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111107/00083916650/once-again-court-says-fcc-cant-fine-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ A few days late on this one (just didn't have the time to get to it last week), but the 3rd Circuit appeals court did pretty much exactly what most people expected in <a href="http://nz.sports.yahoo.com/news/article/-/11298593/cbs-wins-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction-ruling/" target="_blank">rejecting the FCC's fine of CBS</a> for Janet Jackson's famous "wardrobe malfunction" during the 2004 Super Bowl.  As we've been covering, the FCC (mainly under the Kevin Martin regime) tried to crack down on "indecency" with some questionable fines, all of which have been thrown out one by one.   There was the <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100713/12185410195.shtml">fleeting expletives</a> case and the <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110105/01511712522/how-fcc-got-millions-to-see-charlotte-rosss-naked-behind-then-lost-court.shtml">Charlotte Ross's naked butt</a> case, both of which ended up with the FCC losing, so this latest ruling wasn't much of a surprise.
<br /><br />
The FCC had already lost this case for its rules being "arbitrary and capricious," but the Supreme Court had asked the court to reconsider its ruling, following the fleeting expletives ruling.  However, the court here points out that, basically, nothing in that ruling changes anything about how the court feels about the wardrobe malfunction, and (if anything) it just reinforces the position it already took.  The interesting thing, however, may be that the earlier decision was unanimous -- and the judge who wrote that decision, Anthony Scirica, actually changed his mind on the case this time around.  He dissented, while the others on the panel upheld their earlier ruling, arguing that the FCC's claim that while its "fleeting expletives" policy had changed, it's position on nudity had never changed, was not at all compelling.  The dissent, from Scirica, more or less buys the FCC's claim that broadcasters <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101229/03441112448/janet-jacksons-wardrobe-malfunction-leads-to-fcc-malfunction-claims-broadcasters-give-up-1st-amendment-rights.shtml">give up 1st Amendment rights</a> and also argues that there's no evidence of a real policy change here.
<br /><br />
Either way, this triumverate of cases may not be complete yet as the Supreme Court is expected to weigh in again on these cases on the First Amendment question (separate from the 'arbitrary and capricious' question).  So, fear not, we'll still have more to talk about with all of these cases...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111107/00083916650/once-again-court-says-fcc-cant-fine-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111107/00083916650/once-again-court-says-fcc-cant-fine-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111107/00083916650/once-again-court-says-fcc-cant-fine-janet-jackson-wardrobe-malfunction.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>fleeting-fcc-rules</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20111107/00083916650</wfw:commentRss>
</item>
<item>
<pubDate>Mon, 6 Jul 2009 21:33:26 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Judge Kozinski Cleared Of Trumped Up Charges</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090704/1642445446.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090704/1642445446.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ You may remember last year that there was a bunch of attention paid to Judge Alex Kozinski of the 9th Circuit appeals court supposedly having "pornographic" or "obscene" images and videos posted to his own web server just as he was deciding a big obscenity trial.  While it made for great headlines, as the details became clear, the whole thing became an obvious <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080614/1348591407.shtml">witch hunt</a> that was falsely portrayed in the press.  First, the content in question was often described as pornographic or obscene (with some including claims of "defecation" or "bestiality") but that wasn't quite accurate.  One of the videos was apparently a video of a guy trying to go to the bathroom in the wilderness when a horse or some other animal discovered him (I haven't seen it, but read the description) -- which seems like the sort of funny "home videos" you see all the time.  Hardly "obscene" in the classical sense.  Furthermore, the judge had not really shared this content (most of which was widely available all over the internet) but had merely stored it on his home server, which happened to have been configured incorrectly such that someone found a way in.  The person who found it was someone who had a great dislike of Kozinski and had been shopping this "story" for quite some time, and the LA Times sat on it until this obscenity case came along.
<br><br>
So given all that, it's good to hear that the "investigation" into the matter has now ended with <a href="http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202431963290&src=EMC-Email&et=editorial&bu=Law.com&pt=LAWCOM%20Newswire%20Update&cn=LAWCOM_NewswireUpdate_20090702&kw=3rd%20Circuit%20Panel%20Dismisses%20Claims%20Against%20Kozinski%20for%20Sexually%20Explicit%20Material" target="_new">Kozinski basically getting a slap on the wrist</a> saying Kozinski made mistake, apologized for it, and won't let it happen again, but it certainly has no bearing on his ability to judge various cases, even ones involving obscenity.  The whole thing was basically a show trial brought on by someone who clearly had it out for Kozinski, so it's good to hear that it's over.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090704/1642445446.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090704/1642445446.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090704/1642445446.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>good-news</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20090704/1642445446</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2009 18:55:00 PST</pubDate>
<title>UK Citizens Worked Up About Broad And Vague Obscenity Law</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090129/0308123565.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090129/0308123565.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ I have to admit that I've never quite understood the point of any sort of obscenity laws.  Perhaps it's just my inner-libertarian, but why should the government be outlawing what people look at -- especially when it comes to such a subjective standard as "obscenity."  Over in the UK, many people are up in arms over a new pornography law that is <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4370072/New-pornography-laws-could-make-comic-books-illegal-claim-campaigners.html" target="_new">so broad and so vague</a> that it could outlaw certain Batman comics, among other things.  Defenders of the law will say that this is a ridiculous claim and that the law was intended for no such thing, and, in fact, police have said they <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/jan/26/police-offenders-law-violent-porn" target="_new">don't plan to actively enforce the law</a>.
<br /><br />
Of course, that should be a sign of why the law is so problematic.  Basically, officials are admitting that they're only going to use it in cases where either they can't find something else on someone, or they just want to pile on.  It's not a law for any good reason... it's giving prosecutors an extra tool to take someone down.  In the end, it looks like this was just another grandstanding law -- allowing some politicians to announce that they were able to help "protect the children" -- with little thought given to the actual details.  That's why it includes a carve-out for movies.  So, in theory, you could watch a movie with graphic pornography in it -- but then writing a description to someone else about it would be illegal.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090129/0308123565.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090129/0308123565.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090129/0308123565.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>outlawing-comic-books</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20090129/0308123565</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2008 04:49:02 PST</pubDate>
<title>Wardrobe Malfunction, Obscenity Or Censorship Malfunction?</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081123/1753382930.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081123/1753382930.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Earlier this year, a court <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml">tossed out</a> the FCC's fine on CBS for Janet Jackson's infamous Superbowl half time show "wardrobe malfunction."  As the court noted, the FCC's reasoning for the fine showed an arbitrary decision that did not fit with any existing guidelines.  However, it appears the FCC disagrees and <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7743474.stm" target="_new">is now appealing the ruling to the Supreme Court</a>, saying that it was the court, not the FCC, that misapplied indecency rules.  Of course, we're still wondering why this matters nearly five years after the incident.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081123/1753382930.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081123/1753382930.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081123/1753382930.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>fcc-appeals</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20081123/1753382930</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2008 04:21:15 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Fan Fiction Author Charged With Obscenity In The UK</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081022/1836332620.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081022/1836332620.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Apparently, it's not just the US that has decided to jump back into the murky waters of charging people with <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml">obscenity charges</a> for stuff they put online.  Over in the UK, a guy is <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/22/obscene_publications_trial/" target="_new">facing an obscenity charge</a> for a bit of fiction that he wrote.  There are communities of folks online who often write fiction involving "famous" characters, whether from TV or movies or, in some cases, from real life.  The whole concept, frankly, strikes me as a little bit odd, but for those who want to do it, I don't see why they shouldn't be allowed to do so.  In this case, the guy wrote some apparently graphic fiction about a band in the UK and is now being charged with publishing obscene materials.  If he loses, I would imagine that there are large groups of folks who post this sort of (yes, ridiculously distasteful) stuff online, who could be facing similar charges.  I have enough difficulty understanding obscenity laws that go after people in online communities where the content is, in no way, pushed on others -- but it seems even more bizarre to include obscenity charges for fictional writing.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081022/1836332620.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081022/1836332620.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081022/1836332620.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>seems-a-bit-extreme</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20081022/1836332620</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 04:05:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>What Are 'Community Standards' When It Comes To Obscenity Online?</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ With a guy found guilty of distributing hardcore pornography online sentenced to 46 months in prison, plenty of people are <a href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/152135/law.html?tk=rss_news" target="_new">beginning to question obscenity laws</a> and how they apply to the internet.  As you probably know, the standard for "obscenity" is a bit subjective -- as it's supposed to be based on local "community standards."  That may have made sense when a local community was clearly definable, but it becomes a lot trickier when communities are a lot more complex.  Not only does the internet challenge traditional concepts concerning legal <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080305/193747455.shtml">jurisdiction</a>, but it also changes how you define a "community."  Choosing a local community based on geography makes very little sense when it comes to an online obscenity case, as there's probably not much of a chance that folks in that community were actually impacted by the content.  Yet, in this case, prosecutors did some jurisdiction shopping, and found a conservative local community in which to file the case.  That could lead to some very dangerous precedents, where "community standards" are based on the lowest common denominator, rather than the actual community involved.
<br /><br />
What makes this tricky, also, is the fact that obscenity laws, like <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081006/1543572469.shtml">copyright laws</a> are actually designed for a "broadcast media" world, where the worry is how a "publisher" produces some kind of content and pushes it out to a mass audience.  Yet, the internet isn't designed as a broadcast media, but a communications one -- and suddenly the line gets a lot more blurry.  Can you be thrown in jail for sending an obscene joke to a friend?  Most people would think that's silly.  But when the "audience" gets bigger, then the questions start to creep in, and the law is not equipped to handle it.  If this content is only seen by those who seek it out, then is it really doing any actual "damage" to innocent people who are worried about being corrupted by obscenity?  Either way, it looks like we may once again need to struggle with adapting laws to the very different nature of the internet.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20081010/1336422516.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>time-to-fix-the-definition</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20081010/1336422516</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2008 15:48:58 PDT</pubDate>
<title>The FCC's Obscenity Malfunction</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ The FCC has a pretty spotty record when it comes to dealing with <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20060910/192931.shtml">indecency charges</a>.  Basically, it seems to randomly fine stations if it receives enough complaints, even if most of those complaints come from auto-generated scripts from people who didn't actually see the content at all.  Of course, perhaps the most highly publicized case where the FCC got involved over what it found to be indecent content was the infamous Janet Jackson Super Bowl wardrobe malfunction.  However a court has now ruled that, rather than a wardrobe malfunction, the <a href="http://news.wired.com/dynamic/stories/C/CBS_JANET_JACKSON?SITE=WIRE&#038;SECTION=HOME&#038;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&#038;CTIME=2008-07-21-10-55-24" target="_new">real malfunction was by the FCC</a>, which had changed its obscenity standards arbitrarily and with no explanation whatsoever in doling out fines over the incident.  The court points out that the FCC is allowed to change its standards, but with an explanation and not so arbitrarily.  In this case, though, it seemed clear that the response was politically motivated -- and the court has tossed out the fines.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080721/1422421746.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>arbitrariness-is-no-way-to-govern</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20080721/1422421746</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2008 13:37:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Using Google Trends To Determine 'Community Standards' Of Obscenity</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080624/0320161493.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080624/0320161493.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ While there are plenty of reasons to have trouble with "obscenity" laws, one of the biggest is the ridiculously vague "contemporary community standards" test established by the Supreme Court.  How does one show what the community standards are when it concerns activities done in the privacy of one's own home?  Well, apparently, at least one defense attorney in an obscenity case has <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/technology/24obscene.html?_r=1&#038;partner=rssuserland&#038;emc=rss&#038;oref=slogin" target="_new">decided that Google Trends is the answer</a>.  He's planning to show that more people in the local community are using Google to search for the word "orgy" than for "apple pie" or "watermelon."  That's pretty amusing, but probably not very convincing.  How often are people really going to search for "apple pie?"  Still, it does seem to suggest how silly the whole process is of determining what contemporary community standards should be.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080624/0320161493.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080624/0320161493.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080624/0320161493.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>knew-that-data-would-come-in-handy-sometime</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20080624/0320161493</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2008 18:44:38 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Federal Judge On Obscenity Case Posted Porn Images On His Web Server</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080611/1806261381.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080611/1806261381.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ A lot of attention is suddenly getting turned on judge Alex Kozinski, the 9th Circuit chief judge, who (while in the middle of a trial about obscenity) was <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-kozinski12-2008jun12,0,6220192.story" target="_new">discovered to have posted pornographic images to his web server</a> in a way in which they were accessible to the public.  He didn't post them to a specific page or anything.  It's just that he put them in an unprotected directory, and if you knew where to look, you could find them.  Basically, it looks like he was just using the directory for personal storage, not realizing that it was publicly accessible, though, at one point he appears to claim he uploaded the images by accident.  Some of the images were... extreme.  Judge Kozinski described them as "funny" and "I think it's odd and interesting. It's part of life."
<br /><br />
Some are saying that he should recuse himself from the obscenity trial, noting that he's no longer objective.  However, considering that obscenity is supposed to be based on local standards, that doesn't seem right.  If even the judge finds those types of images "funny" or "interesting" and "a part of life," then perhaps that's making it pretty clear that they're not obscene.  Saying he needs to recuse himself seems to be presupposing that the images are obscene, which doesn't seem quite right.  Rather than being used as a way to tar the judge, doesn't this just raise questions about obscenity laws in the first place?<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080611/1806261381.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080611/1806261381.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080611/1806261381.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>is-that-good-or-bad?</slash:department>
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