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<title>Techdirt. Stories filed under &quot;broadcasting&quot;</title>
<description>Easily digestible tech news...</description>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/</link>
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<image><title>Techdirt. Stories filed under &quot;broadcasting&quot;</title><url>http://www.techdirt.com/images/td-88x31.gif</url><link>http://www.techdirt.com/</link></image>
<item>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Jul 2012 11:01:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Aereo Wins Round One Against Broadcasters; Judge Rejects Injunction &amp; Allows Service To Live</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120711/22343219668/aereo-wins-round-one-against-broadcasters-judge-rejects-injunction-allows-service-to-live.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120711/22343219668/aereo-wins-round-one-against-broadcasters-judge-rejects-injunction-allows-service-to-live.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ We've been covering the ridiculous <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/search.php?cx=partner-pub-4050006937094082%3Acx0qff-dnm1&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=aereo">legal fight</a> over Aereo for a few months now.  If you don't remember, Aereo is a company that offers -- for a fee -- to let people watch over-the-air broadcast TV (not cable, so just the small number of broadcast stations) online.  Basically, what they do is set up antennas in a building in Brooklyn -- with one antenna per customer -- and then connect that antenna to the internet so the person can watch.  The TV broadcasters flipped out <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120302/00190517940/tv-networks-gang-up-to-sue-aereo-do-copyright-rules-change-based-length-cable.shtml">and sued</a>. 
<br /><br />
As we've noted, in essence, this is another lawsuit that asks the question: do the copyright rules change depending on the length of your cable.  That is, we know that it's legal to put up an antenna yourself and watch what you get.  That's how broadcast TV works.  We also know that it's almost certainly legal (it hasn't directly been tested) to take the legal TV you are accessing and then place-shift it so you can watch it over the internet (like with a Slingbox).  So, if you combine those two things, why would it suddenly be illegal?  The only real difference is that the antenna and the place shifting device sit in Aereo's building rather than in your own home.  So, it's just that the "cable" length between the users and the devices is longer.  Why should the length of the cable determine whether something is infringing or not?  In a few related legal cases, the rulings have been mixed.
<br /><br />
There was the <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110222/11395313211/court-not-impressed-with-ivis-legal-loopholes-shoots-online-tv-broadcaster-down.shtml">ivi</a> case, where the company offered a very similar service, but went with a different legal theory (relying on compulsory licensing rules)... which has so far been shot down in court.  Then there was <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110317/03194613525/if-remote-dvrs-are-legal-what-about-remote-dvd-players.shtml">the Zediva</a> case which relied on a very similar theory, but with DVDs (i.e., the company had a separate DVD player for each customer and let you watch movies streamed from that individual player).  In that case, the court issued <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111031/04020316568/mpaa-kills-more-innovation-zediva-shut-down-permanently.shtml">an injunction</a> and the company shut down.  Finally, there's the  <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090520/0255534947.shtml">Cablevision ruling</a> in which the TV guys went after Cablevision for offering a remote DVR feature.  In a somewhat convoluted, but important, ruling, it was found that a remote DVR could be legal and non-infringing.
<br /><br />
While the networks seriously argued that anything that caused anyone to think about cancelling their cable subscriptions could be <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120531/10124119152/tv-network-exec-argues-that-anything-that-causes-cable-subscribers-to-cut-cord-is-illegal.shtml">illegal</a>, the judge in the Aereo case, Alison Nathan, has <b>refused to grant a preliminary injunction</b> (basically doing the opposite of what happened in the Zediva ruling).  Zediva was in a different court (and only reached the district court level anyway) so that ruling had little direct influence here.  The Cablevision ruling, however, was pretty clearly instrumental in saving Aereo from being shut down.
<br /><br />
Much of the ruling focused on what seems like a relatively tangential question: whether Aereo is really creating an individual antenna for each customer, or if it's just building a giant single antenna.  More or less, it's a question of whether or not each individual antenna works with the others to better capture the signal.  This is also known as a totally stupid debate.  I mean, if you were to step back and just look at this from a <i>common sense</i> standpoint, you'd say the fact that Aereo has to set up a different antenna for each customer is pretty stupid.  There's no technical reason to do so, only a legal one.  It is an expense that serves only to satisfy a legal demand, which is by definition an inefficiency introduced into the market for no reason other than to keep lawyers happy.
<br /><br />
But, here, the judge ruled that the individual antenna theory applies, and thanks almost entirely to the Cablevision ruling, there's no reason to issue a preliminary injunction.  The networks tried some bizarre theories about why Cablevision didn't apply, but the judge saw through all of the attempts at misdirection:
<blockquote><i>
Despite this creative attempt to escape from the express holding of Cablevision, for the
reasons discussed below this Court finds itself constrained to reject the approach Plaintiffs urge.
Contrary to Plaintiffs' arguments, the copies Aereo's system creates are not materially
distinguishable from those in Cablevision, which found that the transmission was made from
those copies rather than from the incoming signal. Moreover, Plaintiffs' attempt to distinguish
Cablevision based on time-shifting fails when confronted with the reasoning of that case,
particularly considering that the Second Circuit's analysis was directly focused on the
significance of Cablevision' s copies but did not say one word to suggest that time-shifting played
any part in its holding.
</i></blockquote>
From there, the ruling goes into a wonderfully thorough debunking of the networks' attempt to ignore the ruling in Cablevision and a detailed explanation for why Aereo is quite similar to Cablevision.  In the end, the judge also bars the preliminary injunction due to the lack of irreparable harm if the service keeps going for the duration of the trial.  The court actually says that it can see how there is a clear case that the networks could suffer irreperable harm, in the form of losing viewers and advertisers -- but that since that "harm" is a longterm one, there's little reason to issue an injunction right now.  Separately, the court recognizes that an injunction would almost certainly be "irreparable harm" for Aereo, as it would effectively be a death sentence (as was the case with Zediva).   Either way, however, the level of detail the court uses in laying out why Aereo is so similar Cablevision does not bode well for the networks' overall case.
<br /><br />
This case is far from over, but in round one, the networks' key argument appears to have taken quite a beating.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120711/22343219668/aereo-wins-round-one-against-broadcasters-judge-rejects-injunction-allows-service-to-live.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120711/22343219668/aereo-wins-round-one-against-broadcasters-judge-rejects-injunction-allows-service-to-live.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120711/22343219668/aereo-wins-round-one-against-broadcasters-judge-rejects-injunction-allows-service-to-live.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>how-do-you-define-your-antenna</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20120711/22343219668</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2012 19:55:31 PST</pubDate>
<title>Australian Collection Society Upset It Doesn't Get To Collect Extra For Radio Simulcasts Online</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120223/13412317851/australian-collection-society-upset-it-doesnt-get-to-collect-extra-radio-simulcasts-online.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120223/13412317851/australian-collection-society-upset-it-doesnt-get-to-collect-extra-radio-simulcasts-online.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ As various collection societies have been getting more desperate to collect more and more fees, a favorite move is to focus in on sky high internet "streaming" rates.  In the US, webcasting rates are many, many times higher than the royalties that radio has to pay.  It's why there still remain many questions about whether or not webcasting is a viable business, even for giants like Pandora.  It's particularly ridiculous when it comes to radio stations who choose to "simulcast" their stations online.  Thankfully, down in Australia, there was a ruling that made some sense, saying that <a href="http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/legal-and-management/australian-commercial-radio-wins-simulcast-1006262752.story" target="_blank">radio stations shouldn't have to pay much higher internet rates</a> just to rebroadcast their radio stream online.  But what's really telling is the response from the local collection society, PPCA, who wanted to collect all that money:
<blockquote><i>
"We are disappointed by this ruling on a technical point relating to internet streaming but will continue to work hard for a better deal for artists and labels," comments PPCA CEO Dan Rosen.
<br /><br />
"Australia remains out of step with other jurisdictions such as the U.K., Canada and New Zealand where radio operators pay significantly higher license fees." 
</i></blockquote>
Perhaps the question should be whether or not it's right that those other jurisdictions make radio stations pay so much more for promoting artists?  Given the history of payola, where the record labels have shown -- empirically -- that they get tremendous value out of having their artists played on the air and are willing to pay for it... it seems pretty silly to then demand that the radio stations turn around and pay "higher fees" back.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120223/13412317851/australian-collection-society-upset-it-doesnt-get-to-collect-extra-radio-simulcasts-online.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120223/13412317851/australian-collection-society-upset-it-doesnt-get-to-collect-extra-radio-simulcasts-online.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120223/13412317851/australian-collection-society-upset-it-doesnt-get-to-collect-extra-radio-simulcasts-online.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>entitlement-society</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20120223/13412317851</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2011 11:16:18 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Federal Court Invents A New Intellectual Property Right: The Money Makes It So Exclusive Right To Record</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/15450015708/federal-court-invents-new-intellectual-property-right-money-makes-it-so-exclusive-right-to-record.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/15450015708/federal-court-invents-new-intellectual-property-right-money-makes-it-so-exclusive-right-to-record.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Two years ago we wrote about a troubling case coming out of Wisconsin, in which the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA) claimed that it could allow a single <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090306/0101264016.shtml">exclusive broadcaster</a> for high school sporting events in the state.  The Gannett newspapers challenged this by streaming four different events online, eventually leading to this lawsuit.  There were other highly questionable limitations on news media, including a claim that they could not even report play-by-play data.  That part is the most ridiculous, as that seems like a clear violation on free speech rights, and also goes against previous caselaw that has allowed the reporting of factual game information.  But, stunningly, last year, a district court judge ruled that <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100606/2303269701.shtml">commerce trumps the First Amendment</a>, and since the WIAA needs to make money, such deals are just fine. This didn't make much sense to us, and we hoped that it would be overturned on appeal.
<br /><br />
No such luck.
<br /><br />
<a href="http://www.techdirt.com/profile.php?u=imafish">Ima Fish</a> alerts us to the appeals court ruling which <a href="http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/08/26/39316.htm" target="_blank">upheld the lower court</a> and seems to endorse the creation of a wholly made up new form of intellectual property right that has no basis in the law.  The court clearly says that this is not a copyright case, so copyright law doesn't apply.  So what right exactly is WIAA granting to its broadcasting partner?  That's not clear at all from the ruling.  If it's not copyright, it appears to be something entirely made up by the appeals court, which might be loosely defined as "the right to make up restrictions if it makes money."  I'm not joking.  The court repeatedly focuses in on the idea that the WIAA needs to make money, and that somehow makes it okay to grant a single company an exclusive license.
<br /><br />
I don't see how this makes much sense.  I could see that they should be allowed to grant a license to an "official" broadcaster, and even give them additional access, but I don't see how they can stop someone else from recording the material and broadcasting it as well -- especially when they admit that it's not a copyright issue.
<br /><br />
And since this new exclusive made up imaginary right has no basis in law, we don't know what any exceptions are.  Is there a fair use exception like in copyright?  The contract says other agencies can show two minutes of streaming video from events, but it doesn't need to say that, and fair use shouldn't be determined by a contract anyway.  The whole thing seems bizarre and troubling, in that it seems to suggest that public entities can create a special kind of exclusive broadcast intellectual property right if they use it to make money.
<br /><br />
Separately, one small part of the case struck me as interesting in relation to a different case we talked about recently. In the Zediva case, we thought it was ridiculous that the court declared a paid video broadcast to your home as <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110802/02374615353/court-shuts-down-zediva-apparently-length-cable-determines-if-something-is-infringing.shtml">a public performance</a> because the Zediva service was offered to "the public."  Yet, in this case, the court insists that sporting events at public schools (which are open to the public) are, in fact, "nonpublic forums."  I don't think either description makes sense.  A private home is a private place.  A public sporting event is a public event.
<br /><br />
Finally, the court seems to totally overstate the situation in the ruling here and suggests a clear misunderstanding of the public domain:
<blockquote><i>
The logical implications of Gannett&rsquo;s argument are breathtaking. Suppose a high-school orchestra were to perform one of Bach&rsquo;s Brandenburg Concertos or the drama club put together a rendition of Othello (both of which are in the public domain). Gannett&rsquo;s argument would require the conclusion that the students have no right to engage in the common practice of packaging their performance and selling it to raise money for school trips.
</i></blockquote>
While some of Gannett's arguments may have risen to that level (it did suggest that public institutions shouldn't be able to make money this way), the court also seems to suggest that just because you can't have exclusivity, you can't make money.  That's silly, and wrong.
<br /><br />
Gannett is still considering its options, but it can ask for an en banc (full court) review or it can appeal to the Supreme Court.  I'm hoping it will fight this, because the ruling seems totally nonsensical.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/15450015708/federal-court-invents-new-intellectual-property-right-money-makes-it-so-exclusive-right-to-record.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/15450015708/federal-court-invents-new-intellectual-property-right-money-makes-it-so-exclusive-right-to-record.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/15450015708/federal-court-invents-new-intellectual-property-right-money-makes-it-so-exclusive-right-to-record.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>wtf?</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20110826/15450015708</wfw:commentRss>
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<pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2011 18:58:25 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Tweeting Deemed Not 'Broadcasting' And Allowed In Courtroom</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110328/00362113643/tweeting-deemed-not-broadcasting-allowed-courtroom.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110328/00362113643/tweeting-deemed-not-broadcasting-allowed-courtroom.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/InternetLaw/statuses/51529784760610817" target="_blank">Michael Scott</a> points us to a case in Connecticut state court, in which "broadcasting" from the courtroom was forbidden, but <a href="http://cyb3rcrim3.blogspot.com/2011/03/tweeting-broadcasting.html" target="_blank">there was a debate over whether or not <i>Twittering</i> from the courtroom should be allowed</a>.  The arguments go back and forth, noting that there are <i>some</i> similarities to broadcasting with Twitter, but not necessarily enough.  The judge then looked at the <i>reason</i> behind prohibiting broadcasting, and realized it was to keep direct images from being seen, but that reporting from the courtroom should be allowed.  The only concern is if the actions were disruptive (such as with a loud keyboard), but noted that such problems could be dealt with on a case by case basis.  The guy trying to restrict the use of Twitter claimed that such "communications tend to be either trivial or inaccurate and thus play no useful role in educating the public about the judicial process," but the judge pointed out that a court should not be controlling the "substance of courtroom reporting," and said that Twittering would be allowed, so long as there is no disruption (which would be dealt with specifically).  Seems like a reasonable outcome.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110328/00362113643/tweeting-deemed-not-broadcasting-allowed-courtroom.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110328/00362113643/tweeting-deemed-not-broadcasting-allowed-courtroom.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110328/00362113643/tweeting-deemed-not-broadcasting-allowed-courtroom.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>nice-of-them</slash:department>
<wfw:commentRss>http://www.techdirt.com/comment_rss.php?sid=20110328/00362113643</wfw:commentRss>
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<item>
<pubDate>Tue, 7 Dec 2010 03:29:14 PST</pubDate>
<title>Canadian Telco Claims Netflix &#038; Google TV Should Be Regulated As Broadcasters</title>
<dc:creator>Mike Masnick</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101203/01280712105/canadian-telco-claims-netflix-google-tv-should-be-regulated-as-broadcasters.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101203/01280712105/canadian-telco-claims-netflix-google-tv-should-be-regulated-as-broadcasters.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ A few years back, you may recall, we covered how some content creators in Canada were looking to <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20090217/0222553792.shtml">expand broadcast regulations to the internet</a>.  If you're not aware, Canadian law requires that broadcasters fund and promote a certain amount of Canadian-based content.  The reason for it on television is so that Canadian television isn't dominated by American programming -- and the idea here was that there was a similar "threat" online.  Of course, unlike television, there is no limit to how much content is available, and artificially trying to force ISPs to fund and promote Canadian content just doesn't make any sense.
<br /><br />
However, now, it appears that at least one company, Shaw -- who is both a broadcaster and an internet provider in Canada -- is trying to bring this issue back in a way, claiming that <a href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/companies-like-netflix-should-be-regulated-by-crtc-shaw/article1822752/" target="_blank">Netflix and Google TV should be subject to similar regulations</a>.  Of course, both of these aren't really <i>broadcasters</i>.  They're service providers.  But that issue seems lost on Shaw.  It's especially bizarre in the case of Google, which isn't offering up its own content at all, but merely an interface to access other content online.  If anything, this shows the rather obvious and hamfisted manner by which Shaw seeks to burden new technologies that might compete with it for attention.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101203/01280712105/canadian-telco-claims-netflix-google-tv-should-be-regulated-as-broadcasters.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101203/01280712105/canadian-telco-claims-netflix-google-tv-should-be-regulated-as-broadcasters.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20101203/01280712105/canadian-telco-claims-netflix-google-tv-should-be-regulated-as-broadcasters.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>ah,-protectionism</slash:department>
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<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jul 2007 12:57:00 PDT</pubDate>
<title>Clear Channel Says XM-Sirius Merger's Fine -- As Long As It Can Buy More Terrestrial Stations</title>
<dc:creator>Carlo Longino</dc:creator>
<link>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070716/092751.shtml</link>
<guid>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070716/092751.shtml</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ <b>Matthew Lasar</b> writes in to let us know that terrestrial radio behemoth Clear Channel says that if the XM/Sirius merger is allowed to proceed, <a href='http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/435'>restrictions on terrestrial radio station ownership should be lifted</a>. Once again, by tying the two issues together, Clear Channel is making it clear that terrestrial broadcasters <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070406/121316.shtml">do compete</a> with the satellite radio companies. It's hardly surprising to see Clear Channel take this stance, though, as it's <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070417/010847.shtml">consistently lobbied</a> for the ownership limits (which state that a company can own no more than eight stations per market) to be lifted. The details from a Clear Channel exec's letter to the FCC are slightly amusing. The guy says "With poorer content, local radio stations will lose listeners, and, consequently, advertisers, not because local radio would face a better competitor after the merger, but because it would be able to offer only an inferior product to listeners and advertisers." His comments came in the context of saying that a merged XM-Sirius would lock up all kinds of content through exclusive deals, making it unavailable to terrestrial stations. But taken more broadly, you have to say that the guy knows what he's talking about, given Clear Channel's experience in churning out <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20060308/0836259.shtml">inferior products</a> with <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20050809/1750204.shtml">little success</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070716/092751.shtml">Permalink</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070716/092751.shtml#comments">Comments</a> | <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20070716/092751.shtml?op=sharethis">Email This Story</a><br />
 ]]></description>
<slash:department>the-more-things-change...</slash:department>
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