The human genome contains an incredible amount of information that we are only starting to parse. Sequencing large amounts of DNA is getting cheaper and faster, so it's only a matter of time before we'll be able to collect a vast amount of genetic information and connect it with practical medical diagnoses and treatments. Here are just a few projects working on decoding our genetic blueprints.

• The international ENCODE project has been looking at the human genome to try to figure out what all the nucleotides do. Less than 2% of the genome is used for making proteins, and we're just beginning to discover that about 80% of the genome is biologically active and isn't just "junk" DNA. [url]
• The Genographic Project is asking the general public to participate in a genome analysis experiment to gather a broad sampling of DNA data. The results will be anonymous (but they'll have your DNA...?) and dedicated to the public domain. [url]
• The 1000 Genomes Project currently claims to have the world's largest, most detailed catalog of human genetic variation. The database includes sequenced genomes from over 1,092 people and should help medical researchers develop tests for genetic diseases. [url]

If you'd like to read more awesome and interesting stuff, check out this unrelated (but not entirely random!) Techdirt post.

Food science has come a long way and makes a lot of incredibly delicious foods that last longer and stay fresher and provide more vitamins/nutrients than previously thought possible. But just as any technology is a tool that can be used for either the benefit or to the detriment of humankind, there's also the dark side of modern food production that has produced some of the most unhealthy foods in history. Here are just a few examples of sketchy food stories that you might want to avoid.

• A factory making counterfeit ketchup was found in New Jersey -- where thousands of plastic bottles labelled 'Heinz ketchup' leaked and caused a foul stench. The would-be counterfeiters apparently gave up on trying to pour out the ketchup and abandoned their ketchup scheme, leaving it all to rot. [url]
• Schools are cracking down on Flamin' Hot Cheetos for being too high in calories, salt and fat. These Cheetos are almost addictive because they're spicy, and kids who eat too many of them suffer from stomach pains and leave a trail of dusty red fingerprints.... [url]
• Monster Energy drinks are being investigated after reports of deaths from possible caffeine poisoning. Energy drinks are sold as nutritional supplements, so they're not subject to the FDA-mandated limit of 71 milligrams of caffeine for typical soft drinks. Some estimate the amount of caffeine in these drinks supplements is over 200 mg. [url]

If you'd like to read more awesome and interesting stuff, check out this unrelated (but not entirely random!) Techdirt post.

Techdirt has written before about the aggressive enforcement habits of the Tolkien estate, once in connection with the name "Tolkien", and once regarding the word "Hobbit". Looks like they're at it again, down in New Zealand:

Victoria University's Brent Alloway has organised a free public lecture on Homo floresiensis, a species closely related to humans which lived on Flores Island, but has been told he is not allowed to call the free public lecture 'The Other Hobbit'.

The volcanologist wrote to the estate of Hobbit author JRR Tolkein about the event on December 1 as a courtesy, but was told by Wellington lawyers AJ Park representing the estate that he was not allowed to use the word.

That's pretty ridiculous from many viewpoints. First, this is a free public lecture from a scientist -- not a commercial use of any kind. Secondly, the hominids in question have been called "hobbits" by the scientific community almost since their discovery in 2004, so this is a very well-established usage. Finally -- and most interestingly -- over on Twitter, Chris Puttick pointed out that Tolkien wasn't even the first to use the term "hobbit" in this sense:

The word also turns up in a very long list of folkloric supernatural creatures in the writings of Michael Aislabie Denham (d.1859), printed in volume 2 of "The Denham Tracts" [ed. James Hardy, London: Folklore Society, 1895], a compilation of Denham's scattered publications. Denham was an early folklorist who concentrated on Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, the Isle of Man, and Scotland.

Since the book appeared in 1895, and Denham died in 1859, that would seem to place all of its text – and hence the creature known as a "hobbit" - in the public domain. I wonder what the Tolkien Estate will say to that?

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There's an absolutely awesome comic by Jorge Cham of PhDComics (which you should read whether or not you're a PhD student) about the science news cycle, in which a nuanced scientific result showing a slight correlation is turned into a causal relationship by the press, leading to a flat out frenzy of others in the press who don't even bother to understand what the original research was about.
Click image to see full version I'm reminded of this particular comic as the folks at On the Media point us to a story, told by Moran Cerf at The Moth (my favorite storytelling operation), about how, as a grad student, he got some research accepted for publication in Nature, the top of the top in terms of scientific journal prestige. His rather interesting research was about sticking electrodes in patients brains during brain surgery, having them think of certain things, and being able to have a projector project an image of what they were thinking. Cool, right? You can watch the video to see what happened once the press got hold of the story. In case you can't watch the video, the short version is that Cerf had put together a short video about the research, and at the very, very, very end, when talking to a colleague about how this kind of research might advance in the future, the research mentions something about studying and recording dreams. Now, nothing in the actual research is about studying or recording dreams, but... the BBC picked up on this part of the story, and then everyone picked up on this part of the story, and things only got worse from there. And no matter what Cerf did, everyone was just focused on these claims about dream recording -- even to the point that director Chris Nolan asked him to come on tour in a discussion about the movie Inception.

You can see the original Nature story here, followed by the BBC piece that focuses on dreams, even though that's not in the actual research. At least it admits that such things are far, far away. Others in the press weren't so careful. There are plenty of other such reports, but my favorite may be Metro in the UK that claims we're on the "brink" of recording people's dreams, despite that not being even close to true. For what it's worth, it appears some sources, such as Reuters did not parrot the dream recording angle, but plenty did.

It's a pretty good reminder that, especially when it comes to scientific research, you really shouldn't believe everything you read.

Oh, and as a random aside, while this story from Moran is entertaining, it does not come close in entertainment value to this other story that Cerf told at a different Moth event about his life as a bank robber. Seriously. No matter what you're doing today, find ten minutes to watch this next video:

The Olympic games publicize the physical achievements of athletes, but what about the notable achievements of scientists? It's somewhat hard to cheer for individuals working on fundamental research, but sometimes scientists get some well-deserved recognition. There are other prizes besides the Nobel, and here are just a few international awards for smart folks working on scientific endeavors.

• The first round of the Fundamental Physics Prize has been awarded to 9 physicists -- handpicked by Russian billionaire Yuri Milner to receive $3 million each. The Milner Foundation prize is a little more than double the value of the Nobel prize in the same category (which is worth about $1.2 million), but is the prestige of the Nobel greater? [url]
• The Kavli Prizes started in 2008 to award million-dollar prizes in astrophysics, neuroscience and nanoscience. The Kavli Foundation was started by Norwegian businessman and philanthropist, Fred Kavli. These Kavli prizes are not as well-known as the Nobel, but the Swedes don't have a monopoly on awarding scientific medals. [url]
• The Crafoord Prize tries to complement the Nobel prizes by picking significant achievements in fields that the Nobel ignores: astronomy and mathematics, biosciences, geosciences or polyarthritis research. The very specific prize for rheumatoid arthritis research was instituted because Holger Crafoord suffered from the disease, but it's only awarded by a special committee that decides when such an honor is warranted. [url]

If you'd like to read more awesome and interesting stuff, check out this unrelated (but not entirely random!) Techdirt post.

Scientific discoveries often build upon past scientific discoveries, and it looks like investments in huge particle colliders are really paying off now. But even without gigantic particle accelerators, physicists have been taking some cool measurements recently. Here are just a few examples of some significant discoveries in physics that are verifying some of our models of how the universe works.

• CERN has cautiously announced the discovery of the Higgs Boson particle with a mass-energy of about 125-126 GeV. There's a lot of verification that still needs to be done, but it looks like they've found the "God particle" that explains how all matter has mass. CERN also said there's about a 0.000057% statistical chance of this measurement being wrong. [url]
• The faster-than-light neutrino that was seen in 2011... isn't actually faster than light. The cause of the measurement error was determined to be a loose cable. So no time traveling for you! [url]
• Some astrophysicists say they've discovered a filament of dark matter between two galaxy clusters about 2.7 billion light years away. This filament of dark matter appears to be around 58 million light years long, and the astronomers were lucky to find two galaxies oriented in a way that allowed them to measure the effects of this dark matter trail. [url]

If you'd like to read more awesome and interesting stuff, check out this unrelated (but not entirely random!) Techdirt post.

Although the traditional image of a science laboratory typically consists of a room full of test tubes or microscopes, the reality is that computers now play a central role there, just as they do for business and life in general.

Computers need software, and some of that software will be specially written or adapted from existing code to meet the particular needs of the scientists' work. This makes computer software a vital component of the scientific process. It also means that being able to check that code for errors is as important as being able to check the rest of the experiment's methodology. And yet very rarely can other scientists do that, because the code employed is not made available.

A new paper in Science points out that this needs to change:

The publication and open exchange of knowledge and material form the backbone of scientific progress and reproducibility and are obligatory for publicly funded research. Despite increasing reliance on computing in every domain of scientific endeavor, the computer source code critical to understanding and evaluating computer programs is commonly withheld, effectively rendering these programs "black boxes" in the research work flow. Exempting from basic publication and disclosure standards such a ubiquitous category of research tool carries substantial negative consequences. Eliminating this disparity will require concerted policy action by funding agencies and journal publishers, as well as changes in the way research institutions receiving public funds manage their intellectual property (IP).

As that notes, the open exchange of knowledge and materials are obligatory for publicly-funded research, and there's no reason why it should be any different for software that is written in order to conduct the experiment. After all, this, too, has been funded by the tax-payers, who therefore have a right to enjoy the results. There may not be much they can do with it directly, but they can still benefit when other scientists are able to build on the code of others, instead of needing to re-invent the digital wheel for their own experiments.

The paper makes an important point that deserves a wide audience, because it's about a public policy issue. So it's a huge pity that, ironically, it is not published under an open access licence, and can only be read by Science's subscribers.

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Kickstarter isn't the only crowdfunding platform on the internet. There are plenty of folks jumping on the crowdfunding bandwagon, and with the decline of basic science funding, scientists are hoping to convince some backers that their pet projects are worth a multitude of small contributions. Here are just a few examples.

• Petridish.org has a couple fully-funded projects with about $10,000 worth of donations. One project aims to look for exomoons, and another will look for new species of ants in Madagascar. [url]
• Microryza is another crowdfunding site for scientists aimed at the journey of learning something new -- which is its own reward. Will backers still be fascinated by a collection of negative results? [url]
• Sciflies.org boasts a pretty rigorous peer-review process provided by The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Putting such a high bar on the projects (before they're launched) is supposed to give backers some assurance that the projects are worthwhile, but it also seems that the projects turn out to be a little esoteric for the general public... [url]
• Opengenius.org wants to promote innovation, economic development and social wealth -- via science and open source software. Great goals... but it looks like this organization needs some funding for web hosting and some fancy graphics. [url]
• To discover more interesting science-related stuff, check out what's currently floating around the StumbleUpon universe. [url]  

By the way, StumbleUpon can recommend some good Techdirt articles, too.

Depending on how you look at it, the current state of space exploration can be seen as dismally underfunded -- or as the most amazingly productive in history. Unmanned probes are checking out all sorts of interesting destinations in our solar system, but manned missions have lately been limited to orbiting the Earth. The unmanned space race is generating plenty of fascinating science, nonetheless. Here are just a few interesting developments in the field of space exploration.

• Following the Chandrayaan mission to moon, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch a Mars mission in the next few years. If everything comes together just right, India's Mars Orbiter might even launch in 2013. [url]
• NASA's planetary science program is unfortunately taking a 20% cut, so NASA will still fly the Mars MAVEN atmospheric mission, but it won't be part of two other joint missions with the European Space Agency. On the other hand, the manned commercial space industry in the US will be getting more funding now that the space shuttle has retired. [url]
• Ambitiously, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) is planning a manned moon base and unmanned base stations on Mars by 2030. Prime Minister Vladmir Putin has stated, "Russia should not limit itself to the role of an international space ferryman."[url]
• To discover more links on space exploration, check out what's floating around in StumbleUpon universe. [url]  

By the way, StumbleUpon can also recommend some good Techdirt articles, too.

If you're a billionaire, what better way to spend your pocket change than to explore the deepest parts of the ocean? Deep sea diving is almost like being an astronaut, but you're more likely to find strange new lifeforms that no one has ever seen before. And so far, more people have been to the moon than to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. But that bit of trivia will likely change in the next few years.

• James Cameron has been down to the bottom of the Mariana Trench and back -- filming a documentary for National Geographic. Are privately funded scientific efforts going to be a trend (like 3D movies)? [url]
• Sir Richard Branson has created Virgin Oceanic to explore the Earth's oceans. And it's not an April Fools joke like Virgin Volcanic. [url]
• Jeff Bezos has a privately funded team of deep-sea explorers, and they found discarded Apollo 11 rocket engines at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Bezos plans to bring at least one of these NASA artifacts of space exploration back to dry land. [url]
• To discover more interesting tech-related content, check out what's currently floating around the StumbleUpon universe. [url]  

By the way, StumbleUpon can recommend some good Techdirt articles, too.